Almost all fuel injected cars have a knock sensor that reads the harmonics caused by knocking and will alter the ignition timing to prevent damaging knock. Some knock however is good, it allows the fuel-air to be completely burned at maximum pressure in the cylinder to provide the most power.
I have done enough research on chamber design, flame front travel, quench zones, water injection, rotating mass, and ignition to almost fill my head.
For example the Hemi is the worst cylinder design for flame travel and pre-detonation characteristics, But one of the better designs for pressure area. The Caddy Northstar pent roof chamber is the best design for flame travel and pre-detonation, but has a lower efficiency in pressure transfer.
The optimal design is a pent roof to provide a open space for flame travel, quenching the areas near the outer edges of the piston with no sharp edges to impede flame travel or to get hotter than the surrounding surfaces to prematurely ignite the mixture.
Water injection is only beneficial if you can further lean out your mixture and generate more heat to effectively use the water in both lowering detonation tendency, and increasing cylinder pressures.
The length of the connection rod, and compression ration in a proper breathing engine (80% +) are the factors that determine HP and torque ratings and at what RPM, a short stoked engine with a short rod will allow faster acceleration of the piston away from the highest pressure point during combustion, and will cause low torque but more HP, whereas a short stroke engine with a longer connection rod increases dwell time during the high pressure phase of the combustion. This increases torque, but decreases HP. All these are factored by the piston pin height in relation to the top of the piston. A shorter rod will increase cylinder wall wear from the piston canting more, but a anti-friction coating can be applied.
So many people talk today about the size of valves, intakes, exhaust, etc.... But what really matters is the flow of a engine, a 70% flow efficiency 350 might achieve 80% with the bolt on and standard mods like high lift cams with more duration, increasing the valve size, porting and polishing. With all that it can have a streetable 500WHP in numerous cars for a price of $3000 for the engine if you can do most of the easy work yourself.
Take a 85% 280 WHP 3.8L car and add a turbo and you have 135% efficiency, add water cooling and you jump to 145% and are putting 460HP + down As the turbo pressure increases the flow and efficiency % over a naturally aspirated engine rises, more dramatically with higher efficiency engines, and with a proper set of cams to provide overlap and add the scavenging effect that number rises again. Take your daily driver and $2,000 and have a hell of a car.
nice post Steve, educational
let's talk about the ecu and the real reasons going low on gas is bad
first, the ecu recognizes knock and pulls timing to compensate, knock is caused by the fuel igniting before the engine can use it, so when it happens the knock sensors trip the ecu, the ecu pulls timing to the point that the fuel isn't igniting when it shouldn't
but the ecu can only pull timing so much, it doesn't have an infinite range and depending on how high an octane the engine is tuned for, the ecu can only pull timing within a certain perameter
for instance, my car is tuned to about 98 octane straight from pontiac, no ecu reflash, they did this because the advanced ecu has no problem dealing with lower octane, it just pulls timing in real time
I can use safely common gas, 93 octane is recommended and this ecu is capable of pulling timing down to accommodate as low as 87 octane
if I have lower then that there will be knock the ecu cannot compensate and there will be engine damage
now to the low tank of gas as it relates to knock
if driving on a low tank of gas caused knock it's because of contaminants making the fuel more volatile, the ecu is probably not going to be able to pull timing accordingly the octane is too low, so even though there are knock sensors and timing pull, if there is more volatility then the engine is capable of accomodating, you will get engine damage
but knocking or internal engine damage is not the real reason you don't want to run low on gas Steve
the real reason is you don't want to kick up the sludge that develops from contaminants you acquire pumping gas
you don't want to tax your gas filter
you also really don't want the fuel lines to run dry, though today with electric fuel pumps re primming the engine doesn't take much but here's an example of why it's bad
I have the ecotech direct injection variable valve twin turbo engine, I believe there is not a more advanced design on the market, this tiny four cylender engine displacing only 2 litres makes 260 horsepower out of the box and that is ecu restricted with it actually making about 320 no mods what so ever...to put this into perspective, the old 8 cylendar super cars were rarely rated over 300 horsepower and that was the engine before install, it wasn't even rated at the flywheel, they only held up for about 50,000 miles too, so this little 2 liter is a marvel of technology
this engine actually uses the gas injected as one of the cylinder lubricants and cylinder coolants
if you run out of gas on this car and the fuel pump surges the remaining bits of fuel, you are left with an engine starving for coolant and lubricant as it spins waiting for the next charge of fuel
now, I am not certain the engine will realize damage from that lubricant starvation but you wouldn't know until the engine almost ran it's complete duty cycle, instead of needing rings at say 300,000 miles you might need them at 280,000 and you wouldn't even know to attribute that wear on running out of gas
in any event, the real reason is to keep your fuel filter from having to filter out the sludge you kick up when you run the tank close to the bottom
now about that water injection;
the real purpose of water injection is to raise the octane of your fuel so you can use more spark, with water injection you are running at virutally 115 octane and if the ecu can see that there is no knock it can advance timing to that level, wherein most ecu's aren't tuned to take advantage of octane that high, water injection wouldn't do as much as it can regardless of the type of aspiration, in addition, a normally aspirated car should benefit from water injection if you tuned the ecu to advance spark accordingly